Planes don't fly faster because exceeding certain speeds, particularly the speed of sound (Mach 1), creates serious aerodynamic problems.
The Speed Barrier: Maximum Mach Number (Mmo)
Commercial airplanes are designed with a specific operational speed limit. This limit is called the Maximum Mach Number, or Mmo. According to the provided reference, exceeding this speed results in a loss of control due to shockwaves forming along the wings:
If they get too fast, the air begins forming shockwaves along the wing that can cause the aircraft to become uncontrollable.
Here's a breakdown of the issues:
- Shockwave Formation: As a plane approaches the speed of sound, air compresses around it. At Mach 1 and beyond, this compressed air forms shockwaves.
- Loss of Control: These shockwaves disrupt the airflow over the wings and control surfaces (like ailerons and rudders). This disruption significantly reduces the aircraft's lift and maneuverability, potentially leading to a loss of control.
- Structural Stress: The rapid pressure changes caused by shockwaves also put significant stress on the aircraft's structure.
Practical Considerations
While some aircraft, like military jets, are designed to fly faster than Mach 1, commercial airliners prioritize fuel efficiency, passenger comfort, and safety. Designing a plane to withstand the stresses of supersonic flight would require:
- Stronger, heavier materials: Increasing the aircraft's weight.
- More powerful engines: Consuming more fuel.
- Specialized wing designs: Potentially reducing efficiency at lower speeds.
Therefore, the design choice for commercial airliners represents a trade-off between speed and other essential factors.
In summary:
| Factor | Impact |
|---|---|
| Speed of Sound | Creates shockwaves leading to instability. |
| Aircraft Design | Commercial planes prioritize efficiency, safety, and comfort over speed. |
| Material Science | Supersonic flight requires more robust and heavier materials. |
