Surra is a disease caused by a blood-borne parasite called Trypanosoma evansi and transmitted primarily by biting flies. It affects a wide range of mammals.
Here's a more detailed breakdown:
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Cause: The disease is caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma evansi.
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Transmission: Surra is mechanically transmitted by various biting flies, including horseflies (Tabanidae) and stable flies (Stomoxys). Mechanical transmission means the parasite doesn't undergo any developmental stage within the insect vector; it's simply carried from one animal to another.
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Susceptible Animals: A diverse group of animals can contract Surra, including:
- Horses
- Donkeys
- Mules
- Camels
- Cattle
- Buffalo
- Dogs
- Cats
- Sheep
- Goats
- Pigs
- Llamas
- Deer
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Symptoms: The symptoms of Surra can vary depending on the animal species and the severity of the infection. Common signs include:
- Fever
- Weakness
- Anemia
- Weight loss
- Edema (swelling)
- Paralysis
- Abortion in pregnant animals
- Death
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Diagnosis: Diagnosis typically involves microscopic examination of blood samples to identify the parasite. Serological tests can also be used to detect antibodies against Trypanosoma evansi.
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Treatment: Treatment usually involves trypanocidal drugs, which aim to kill the parasite. However, drug resistance can be a problem.
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Prevention and Control: Controlling Surra involves a multifaceted approach, including:
- Controlling biting fly populations.
- Treating infected animals.
- Implementing biosecurity measures to prevent the spread of the disease.
- Vaccination efforts are ongoing but not widely available.
In summary, Surra is a significant parasitic disease affecting numerous animal species, transmitted by biting flies and characterized by various clinical signs, potentially leading to death. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial for improving survival rates.