A central plan, predominantly used in architecture, is a fundamental organizational layout where the various parts of a building radiate from a central point. This design principle results in structures that are often symmetrical around this central axis, offering a distinct spatial experience compared to linear or basilica plans.
Understanding the Central Plan Concept
At its core, a central plan orientates the building's design around a single, dominant point. Instead of emphasizing a long axis leading towards an altar or focal point at one end (as seen in traditional basilicas), all elements converge or are equidistant from the center. This creates a sense of inward focus and often places the primary functional or symbolic element directly in the middle.
Key Characteristics of a Central Plan
Central plan buildings share common traits derived from their radial organization:
- Symmetry: High degree of symmetry around the central point.
- Radial Layout: Components like walls, columns, and chapels extend outwards from the center.
- Central Focus: The main emphasis is on the space directly in the middle, often beneath a dome or within a central rotunda.
- Lack of Strong Axial Direction: Unlike longitudinal plans, there isn't a primary direction of movement or focus towards one end.
Examples of Central Plans in Architecture
The concept of a central plan manifests in several distinct geometric forms, as mentioned in the provided reference. Examples include:
- Circular Plans: Buildings with a perfectly round perimeter and central space.
- Octagonal Plans: Structures based on an eight-sided polygon.
- Greek Cross Plans: Buildings shaped like a cross where all four arms are of equal length.
These forms, among others like hexagonal or square plans with central elements (e.g., a dome over a square), all adhere to the principle of radiating from a central point. Historical uses often include baptisteries, mausolea, temples, and specific types of churches or chapels where the ritual or focus is concentrated in the center.
