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What is DRO ABA?

Published in Behavior Analysis 5 mins read

DRO ABA refers to Differential Reinforcement of Other Behavior (DRO) as a specific and widely used technique within the field of Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA). It is a behavior modification strategy focused on reducing problematic behaviors by reinforcing the absence of the undesirable action for a set period.

Understanding Differential Reinforcement of Other Behavior (DRO)

Differential Reinforcement of Other Behavior (DRO) is a powerful and non-aversive behavior modification technique. It involves reinforcing the absence of a problem behavior for a specific period of time, while simultaneously withholding reinforcement for the problem behavior itself. This means that an individual receives a reward or positive consequence only when the target problem behavior does not occur for a predetermined duration.

The core principle behind DRO is to increase the likelihood of any behavior other than the problem behavior. By making the absence of the undesirable action rewarding, it indirectly decreases the problem behavior because the individual learns that engaging in other, more appropriate behaviors (or simply not engaging in the problem behavior) leads to reinforcement.

The Role of DRO in Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA)

Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) is a scientific approach to understanding and changing behavior. It applies principles of learning and motivation to address socially significant behaviors. Within ABA, differential reinforcement is a foundational approach for behavior change, and DRO is one of its most commonly utilized procedures.

ABA practitioners employ DRO as a key component of comprehensive behavior intervention plans to:

  • Reduce challenging behaviors: Such as aggression, self-injurious behavior, or disruptive classroom behaviors.
  • Promote adaptive behavior: By creating an environment where the absence of problem behavior is reinforced, it inadvertently encourages the occurrence of more desirable actions.
  • Shift behavioral patterns: It helps individuals learn that engaging in acceptable behaviors (or simply refraining from problem behaviors) is more rewarding than engaging in the challenging behavior.

How DRO Works: Practical Steps and Examples

Effective implementation of DRO requires careful planning and consistent application. Here are the typical steps involved:

  1. Identify the Target Problem Behavior: Clearly define the specific behavior that needs to be reduced. This must be observable and measurable.
  2. Collect Baseline Data: Observe and record the current frequency or duration of the problem behavior to establish a starting point. This helps in setting initial intervals and tracking progress.
  3. Set an Initial Time Interval: Determine a reasonable period during which the problem behavior must be absent for reinforcement to occur. This interval is often set based on the baseline data, ensuring it's achievable initially.
  4. Choose a Potent Reinforcer: Identify a highly motivating and preferred item, activity, or social interaction for the individual.
  5. Implement and Adjust:
    • Deliver the chosen reinforcer immediately and consistently when the problem behavior is absent for the set interval.
    • If the problem behavior occurs during the interval, the reinforcer is withheld, and the timer is reset, starting a new interval.
    • As the problem behavior decreases, gradually increase the time interval to promote longer periods of absence.

Examples of DRO in practice:

  • Scenario 1: Reducing calling out in class
    • Problem Behavior: A student frequently calls out answers without raising their hand.
    • DRO Application: The teacher sets a timer for 5 minutes. If the student does not call out for the entire 5 minutes, they earn a sticker on a chart. If they call out, the timer resets. Over time, the interval is increased (e.g., to 10 minutes, then 15 minutes). This reinforces all other appropriate behaviors, such as raising a hand or quietly working.
  • Scenario 2: Decreasing repetitive hand-flapping
    • Problem Behavior: An individual engages in frequent hand-flapping.
    • DRO Application: A therapist offers access to a preferred toy for 3 minutes if the individual does not engage in hand-flapping. If hand-flapping occurs, the toy is removed, and the timer restarts. This encourages engagement in other activities with their hands or simply keeping hands still.

Benefits and Considerations of Using DRO

Benefits of DRO

  • Effective Behavior Reduction: Directly targets the elimination of specific unwanted behaviors.
  • Positive and Non-Aversive: Relies on reinforcement, making it a humane and ethically sound intervention strategy.
  • Applicability: Can be applied across a wide range of individuals, behaviors, and settings (e.g., home, school, clinical environments).
  • Indirectly Promotes Other Behaviors: While not directly teaching a new skill, it reinforces any behavior other than the problem behavior, potentially leading to an increase in other prosocial actions.

Considerations and Challenges

  • Reinforcer Selection: Identifying and maintaining the effectiveness of a truly motivating reinforcer is crucial.
  • Interval Management: Setting and adjusting intervals appropriately is key; intervals that are too long can lead to frustration, while those too short may not be effective enough.
  • Extinction Bursts: As reinforcement is withheld for the problem behavior, there may be a temporary increase in its frequency or intensity (an "extinction burst") before it decreases, which requires consistent adherence to the plan.
  • Does Not Teach Replacement Skills: DRO teaches what not to do, but it doesn't explicitly teach an alternative, appropriate behavior. It is often combined with other differential reinforcement procedures, such as Differential Reinforcement of Alternative Behavior (DRA), to teach specific replacement skills.

Comparison with Other Differential Reinforcement Techniques

DRO is one of several differential reinforcement procedures commonly used in ABA. Understanding their distinctions is important for selecting the most appropriate intervention.

Technique Primary Focus Behavior Reinforced Behavior Not Reinforced
Differential Reinforcement of Other Behavior (DRO) Reducing a specific problem behavior by reinforcing its absence Any behavior other than the target problem behavior occurring during an interval The target problem behavior
Differential Reinforcement of Alternative Behavior (DRA) Replacing a problem behavior with a specific, appropriate alternative behavior A specific, desired alternative behavior The problem behavior and other inappropriate behaviors
Differential Reinforcement of Incompatible Behavior (DRI) Replacing a problem behavior with a behavior that cannot occur simultaneously A specific behavior that is physically impossible to perform at the same time as the problem behavior The problem behavior