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How did the penguin inspire the bullet train?

Published in Biomimicry 2 mins read

The penguin provided a crucial aerodynamic inspiration for the design of the bullet train, specifically influencing the shape of the component connecting the overhead rigging to the train's body.

The engineers behind the high-speed Shinkansen bullet train in Japan encountered a significant challenge: the immense noise generated as the train exited tunnels due to air compression. This phenomenon, known as a "tunnel boom," was not only disruptive but also a barrier to increasing train speeds. Seeking solutions from nature, they turned to the animal kingdom, where natural selection has optimized forms for efficiency in various environments.

The Penguin's Aerodynamic Belly

The key breakthrough came from observing the penguin's incredibly efficient movement through water. Penguins possess a unique body shape that allows them to glide through water with minimal effort and resistance. Engineers realized that the curvature of a penguin's belly is exceptionally effective at lowering wind resistance.

This natural design was applied directly to the train:

  • Design Modification: The shaft that connects the train's overhead rigging (such as the pantograph, which collects electricity from overhead lines) to the main body of the train was reshaped to mimic the smooth, curved contour of a penguin's belly.
  • Resulting Benefits: This biomimetic design significantly reduced the wind resistance and turbulence created by this part of the train, leading to:
    • Reduced Noise: The primary goal of mitigating the "tunnel boom" was largely achieved.
    • Improved Aerodynamics: The train could move more smoothly and effortlessly, even at high speeds.
    • Increased Efficiency: Lower wind resistance also contributes to better energy efficiency.

This application of nature's design principles is a prime example of biomimicry, an innovative approach that seeks sustainable solutions to human challenges by emulating nature's time-tested patterns and strategies.

Key Aspects of the Penguin's Influence

Design Element Inspired Penguin Characteristic Benefit to Bullet Train
Shaft connecting overhead rigging to train body Curved belly shape Lowers wind resistance, reduces tunnel boom, enhances smooth movement

By drawing inspiration from the streamlined physique of the penguin, engineers were able to overcome a major hurdle in high-speed rail development, making the bullet train faster, quieter, and more efficient.