What is a Brain Made Of?

The human brain is surprisingly composed of a variety of substances. While it's not a muscle, it's a complex organ with a fascinating makeup.

The brain is roughly 60% fat, making it the fattiest organ in the body. This fat plays a crucial role in brain function and development. The remaining 40% consists of water, protein, carbohydrates, and salts. These components work together to create the intricate structure and support the countless processes within the brain.

Key Components:

• Fat (60%): Essential for brain structure and function, particularly omega-3 fatty acids which are vital for brain development, especially in early childhood.
• Water (≈20%): Crucial for maintaining hydration and optimal brain function.
• Proteins (≈8%): Building blocks for cells and essential for various brain processes, including neurotransmitter production.
• Carbohydrates (≈1%): Provide energy for brain activity.
• Salts (≈1%): Maintain the correct electrolyte balance necessary for neuronal communication.

Cellular Structure:

Beyond the basic composition, the brain is also made up of various types of cells:

• Neurons: These are the fundamental units of the nervous system, transmitting information throughout the brain and body via electrical and chemical signals. There are billions of neurons, forming trillions of connections called synapses.
• Glial cells: These cells support and protect neurons, providing structural support, insulation (myelin), and nutrient supply. They are a key part of the "glial mass" that accompanies neuronal mass.
• Blood vessels: A network of arteries and arterioles supply the brain with oxygen and nutrients, while veins carry away waste products.

Brain Regions:

The brain is divided into several major regions:

• Cerebrum: The largest part, responsible for higher-level functions like thinking, learning, and memory. This is divided into lobes: frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital.
• Cerebellum: Coordinates movement and balance.
• Brainstem: Controls basic life functions such as breathing and heart rate.

The cerebrum's outer layer, the cerebral cortex, is composed of grey matter (mostly neuron cell bodies) while the inner core consists of white matter (primarily myelinated nerve fibers).