Feeding a calf correctly, especially in its first few hours, is crucial for its health and development. Here's a breakdown of how to properly feed a calf:
The Critical First Feeding: Colostrum
The first and most important feeding for a newborn calf is colostrum. Colostrum is the first milk produced by the mother after giving birth and is rich in antibodies, essential for protecting the calf from disease.
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Timing is Everything: According to research, a calf must receive a minimum of 3 liters of high-quality colostrum (with an IgG concentration of 50 mg/mL) within the first 6 hours of its life.
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Second Feeding: Follow up with a second colostrum feeding between 8 and 12 hours after birth to ensure adequate antibody absorption.
Why is Colostrum So Important?
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Passive Immunity: Calves are born without a strong immune system. Colostrum provides the necessary antibodies (immunoglobulins or IgGs) to protect them from infections.
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Disease Prevention: Without adequate colostrum intake, calves are at a much higher risk of becoming ill from common diseases.
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Gut Health: Colostrum also helps to kick-start the calf's digestive system.
How to Administer Colostrum
Colostrum can be fed in a variety of ways:
- Bottle Feeding: This is a common method, especially for smaller calves or those struggling to nurse. Ensure the bottle and nipple are clean.
- Esophageal Feeder: If a calf is weak or unable to nurse from a bottle, an esophageal feeder might be necessary. This involves carefully placing a tube into the esophagus and delivering the colostrum directly. It's important to receive training on how to use an esophageal feeder correctly.
- Natural Nursing: If the calf is strong enough and the mother is cooperative, natural nursing is another option. However, it's crucial to monitor that the calf is getting sufficient colostrum.
After Colostrum: Milk Replacer or Whole Milk
After the initial colostrum feedings, calves can transition to milk replacer or whole milk. This is normally done within the first few days of life. Here is what to keep in mind:
- Consistency: Feed calves at consistent times every day for a regular schedule and improved gut health.
- Quality: Choose a milk replacer that is formulated for calves and has appropriate protein and fat levels, or use high-quality whole milk from the mother or another source.
- Amount: The amount you feed will depend on the calf's weight, age, and the type of feed used. Consult with a vet or expert to determine the correct amount.
- Water Access: Always ensure calves have access to fresh, clean water.
- Starter Feed: Introduce a starter feed at a young age to encourage rumen development.
Summary of Calf Feeding Guidelines
| Time | Feed | Amount | Importance |
|---|---|---|---|
| Within 6 hours birth | High-quality Colostrum (IgG 50 mg/mL) | At least 3 Liters | Provides crucial passive immunity and disease protection |
| Between 8 - 12 hours | High-quality Colostrum (IgG 50 mg/mL) | Follow up feeding | Ensures sufficient absorption of antibodies |
| After Colostrum | Milk Replacer or Whole Milk, Starter Feed | Age & weight dependent; consult expert for precise amount | Promotes growth, rumen development, and long-term health |
Key Takeaways:
- Colostrum is non-negotiable in a newborn calf's first hours.
- Timing matters to ensure successful passive antibody transfer.
- Monitor feed intake and health of calves closely.
- Consult with a vet or experienced cattle raiser for advice specific to your situation.
