A high CEA (carcinoembryonic antigen) level, particularly in individuals previously treated for certain cancers, may indicate cancer recurrence.
Here's a more detailed breakdown of what a high CEA level can signify:
Understanding CEA
CEA is a protein found in the blood of healthy people, usually in very small amounts. Certain cancers can cause CEA levels to rise, making it a potential tumor marker. However, it's important to note that elevated CEA levels can also be caused by non-cancerous conditions.
Potential Implications of Elevated CEA
- Cancer Recurrence: The primary concern with a rising CEA level, especially in someone with a history of cancer (such as breast cancer or cancers of the reproductive and urinary tracts), is that it could signal the cancer has returned. Doctors often monitor CEA levels in patients after treatment for certain cancers to watch for signs of recurrence.
- Active Cancer: A high CEA level might indicate the presence of active cancer, even if the patient hasn't been previously diagnosed. The following cancers are commonly associated with elevated CEA:
- Colorectal cancer
- Pancreatic cancer
- Lung cancer
- Breast cancer
- Ovarian cancer
- Stomach cancer
- Thyroid cancer
- Non-Cancerous Conditions: It's crucial to understand that a high CEA level isn't always indicative of cancer. Several benign (non-cancerous) conditions can also cause elevated levels, including:
- Smoking
- Infections
- Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
- Cirrhosis
- Peptic ulcers
- Pancreatitis
- Limitations of CEA Testing: CEA is not a perfect diagnostic tool. It is not sensitive or specific enough to be used as a screening test for cancer in the general population. Also, some cancers may not cause elevated CEA levels. It's best used in conjunction with other diagnostic tests and imaging.
What Happens Next if CEA is High
If your CEA level is high, your doctor will likely order further tests to determine the cause. These may include:
- Imaging Tests: CT scans, MRIs, PET scans, and ultrasounds can help visualize organs and tissues to identify any tumors or abnormalities.
- Biopsy: A biopsy involves taking a tissue sample for examination under a microscope. This can confirm the presence of cancer cells.
- Other Tumor Marker Tests: Your doctor may order other tumor marker tests to get a more complete picture.
- Clinical Examination and History: A thorough physical exam and review of your medical history are essential for context.
Summary
A high CEA level can be a cause for concern, but it doesn't automatically mean you have cancer. It's important to work closely with your doctor to determine the underlying cause and develop an appropriate plan of action. The interpretation of CEA levels must always be made in the context of the patient's individual medical history, clinical findings, and other test results.
