What is diabetes in dogs?

Diabetes mellitus in dogs is a common endocrine disease where a dog's body is unable to properly regulate its blood sugar (glucose) levels. Essentially, it occurs when their body can't use sugar the way it should. Glucose, the type of sugar in question, is the main source of energy for the body's cells, and the levels of glucose in the blood are primarily controlled by a hormone called insulin.

When a dog has diabetes, their pancreas either doesn't produce enough insulin, or their body can't effectively use the insulin it does produce. This leads to an accumulation of glucose in the bloodstream (hyperglycemia) because the cells aren't able to absorb it for energy. Over time, high blood sugar can damage various organs and systems in the body.

Types of Diabetes in Dogs

While diabetes in humans is categorized into Type 1 and Type 2, the classification for dogs is slightly different, though similar mechanisms are at play:

• Insulin-Deficient Diabetes (Similar to Type 1): This is the most common form in dogs. It occurs when the pancreas is unable to produce enough or any insulin. This often results from the destruction of insulin-producing cells (beta cells) in the pancreas, sometimes due to autoimmune disease or chronic pancreatitis. Dogs with this type of diabetes require daily insulin injections.
• Insulin-Resistant Diabetes (Similar to Type 2): Less common in dogs, this type occurs when the pancreas produces insulin, but the body's cells don't respond to it properly. This can be influenced by obesity, certain medications (like steroids), or other hormonal conditions (such as Cushing's disease or acromegaly). While some dogs with insulin resistance may not initially require insulin injections, they often eventually will, especially if the underlying cause cannot be fully resolved.
• Gestational Diabetes: This temporary form of diabetes can affect unspayed female dogs during pregnancy or heat cycles due to hormonal changes that interfere with insulin's effectiveness.

How Does Diabetes Affect Dogs?

Without proper regulation of glucose, a dog's cells are starved for energy, even though there's plenty of sugar in the blood. This leads to a cascade of symptoms as the body tries to cope.

Common Signs and Symptoms

Recognizing the signs of diabetes early is crucial for effective management. If you notice any of these symptoms in your dog, contact your veterinarian promptly:

• Increased Thirst (Polydipsia): Dogs drink excessively to try and flush out excess glucose through urine.
• Increased Urination (Polyuria): High blood sugar levels cause glucose to spill into the urine, drawing water with it, leading to frequent and voluminous urination.
• Increased Appetite (Polyphagia): Despite eating more, dogs may seem constantly hungry because their cells aren't getting glucose for energy.
• Weight Loss: Even with increased food intake, the body starts breaking down fat and muscle for energy.
• Lethargy and Weakness: Lack of energy at the cellular level results in general tiredness.
• Cloudy Eyes (Cataracts): A common complication in diabetic dogs, leading to vision impairment or blindness.
• Poor Coat Condition: Dry, dull, or thinning fur.
• Recurrent Infections: Especially urinary tract or skin infections, as high blood sugar can weaken the immune system.

Diagnosis and Management

Diagnosing diabetes typically involves blood tests to measure glucose levels and urine tests to check for glucose and ketones. If diabetes is confirmed, management usually involves:

• Insulin Therapy: Most diabetic dogs require daily injections of insulin to regulate their blood sugar. Your veterinarian will teach you how to administer these safely.
• Dietary Management: A consistent, high-fiber, low-fat diet is often recommended to help regulate blood sugar levels. Consistency in feeding times is also key.
• Exercise: Regular, moderate exercise helps the body utilize glucose more efficiently but should be consistent to avoid sudden drops in blood sugar.
• Monitoring: Regular veterinary check-ups, blood glucose curves, and at-home monitoring (e.g., urine glucose strips, or blood glucose meters) are essential to adjust insulin dosages and maintain stable blood sugar.

Key Aspects of Canine Diabetes

For a quick overview, here's a summary of important points regarding diabetes in dogs:

Living with a diabetic dog requires commitment and consistency, but with the right care, these pets can lead happy and healthy lives. Regular communication with your veterinarian is vital to manage this condition effectively.