Catholics largely shifted from a virtually universal practice of kneeling for Communion after the Second Vatican Council. While kneeling remains an option and is still practiced in many places, standing became the predominant posture for receiving Holy Communion in the Roman Rite following the liturgical reforms that emerged from this significant period of renewal in the Church.
Historical Context of Kneeling for Communion
Historically, kneeling during the Communion rite was deeply ingrained in Catholic tradition. Prior to the Second Vatican Council (1962-1965), kneeling for Communion, along with kneeling during most of the Mass—from the beginning of Mass to the Gospel, and throughout the entire Canon of the Mass—was a virtually universal practice among Catholics worldwide. This posture was understood as a profound sign of reverence, humility, and adoration before the Real Presence of Christ in the Eucharist.
The Shift After the Second Vatican Council
The Second Vatican Council prompted a comprehensive review and renewal of the Church's liturgy. While the Council documents themselves did not explicitly mandate standing for Communion, the subsequent implementation of liturgical reforms, particularly the General Instruction of the Roman Missal (GIRM), introduced flexibility regarding posture. The GIRM, which provides norms for the celebration of Mass, states that the faithful should kneel, stand, or sit at various points.
For the reception of Communion, the GIRM now generally indicates that "the faithful kneel or stand, as determined by the Episcopal Conference" (source: General Instruction of the Roman Missal). In many countries, including the United States, Episcopal Conferences determined that standing is the norm, though individuals may still choose to kneel if they wish, provided it does not disrupt the flow of the Communion procession.
Key Aspects of the Post-Vatican II Change:
- Episcopal Conferences' Role: National bishops' conferences were given the authority to adapt certain aspects of the liturgy to local customs, including postures.
- Emphasis on Active Participation: The reforms emphasized the active participation of the faithful, and standing was seen by some as a posture that better reflected the dignity of the baptized receiving the Lord and their pilgrim journey.
- Continued Permissibility of Kneeling: It is crucial to note that kneeling for Communion was not forbidden; rather, standing became the more common and generally expected posture in many dioceses. Many parishes still provide kneelers at the altar rail, and some communities continue the practice of kneeling for Communion as a norm.
Understanding Current Practice
Today, the posture for receiving Communion can vary by region, parish, and individual preference.
| Period | Common Posture for Communion | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Before Vatican II | Kneeling (virtually universal) | Also knelt during the Canon of the Mass and other significant parts. |
| After Vatican II | Standing became common | Bishops' conferences determined local norms; kneeling remains permitted and is practiced by many as a sign of reverence. |
This evolution reflects a nuanced approach to liturgical practice, balancing tradition with adaptations intended to foster fuller, conscious, and active participation in the Mass.
