In China, what is often referred to as "anime" is primarily known as Donghua (动画). It encompasses animations that have been created within China or are Chinese adaptations of Manhua (Chinese comics) and web novels.
Understanding Donghua: China's Animation Industry
Donghua represents the burgeoning animation industry in China, distinguishing itself with unique cultural elements, storytelling techniques, and often a different aesthetic from its Japanese counterpart. It's a broad term covering everything from traditional hand-drawn animations to sophisticated 3D CGI productions.
Key Features and Characteristics of Donghua
Donghua shares some similarities with global animation but possesses distinct qualities:
- Origin: Donghua refers specifically to animations produced in mainland China.
- Adaptations: A significant portion of popular Donghua are adaptations of highly successful Chinese web novels, Manhua, or even video games, bringing beloved stories to life.
- Cultural Infusion: These animations are deeply embedded with Chinese culture, history, mythology, and philosophical concepts, offering a unique viewing experience that reflects Chinese heritage.
- Animation Styles: While 2D animation is prevalent, China has made significant strides in 3D CGI animation, with many high-budget Donghua series utilizing advanced 3D techniques to create visually stunning worlds and characters.
Donghua vs. Japanese Anime
While both are forms of animation, Donghua and Japanese Anime have key distinctions:
| Feature | Donghua (Chinese Animation) | Anime (Japanese Animation) |
|---|---|---|
| Primary Origin | Mainland China | Japan |
| Common Source Material | Manhua, web novels (especially fantasy/cultivation novels), Chinese folklore, original concepts | Manga, light novels, video games, original concepts |
| Cultural Focus | Heavily influenced by Chinese history, mythology, philosophical traditions, and societal values | Strongly rooted in Japanese culture, social norms, pop culture, and specific subcultures |
| Dominant Visual Style | Growing prominence of high-quality 3D CGI; diverse 2D styles reflecting Chinese art | Primarily 2D animation with distinctive character designs (e.g., large eyes, expressive hair) |
| Terminology | Known as Donghua (动画) in China | Globally known as Anime (アニメ) |
Popular Genres in Chinese Animation
The Donghua industry produces content across various genres, with certain types gaining immense popularity:
- Xianxia (仙侠) & Wuxia (武侠): These are perhaps the most popular genres, drawing from Chinese fantasy literature.
- Xianxia involves cultivation, immortality, mythical creatures, and often grand, spiritual journeys.
- Wuxia focuses on martial arts heroes, chivalry, and adventure within a historical or fantastical setting.
- Science Fiction: A growing genre showcasing futuristic settings, advanced technology, and often philosophical themes.
- Historical & Mythological: Adaptations of classic Chinese novels, legends, and historical events.
- Slice of Life & Romance: While not as dominant in international recognition as fantasy, these genres also have a strong following within China.
The Rise of Donghua's Global Presence
In recent years, Donghua has significantly expanded its reach beyond China, gaining a global audience through international streaming platforms. This rise is fueled by improving animation quality, compelling storytelling, and the unique cultural narratives that resonate with viewers worldwide, contributing to China's cultural soft power.
