Sutherland's theory is called differential association theory.
Understanding Differential Association Theory
Differential association theory, as explained in provided reference material, suggests that criminal behavior is not an inherent trait but rather a learned one. This learning process, according to Sutherland, occurs through interactions with others within intimate social groups. It emphasizes the role of social environment in shaping an individual's behavior, specifically with regard to deviancy and crime.
Key Elements of the Theory
- Learned Behavior: Criminal behavior, according to Sutherland's theory, is not something a person is born with but rather something they learn through interaction with others.
- Interpersonal Communication: The learning of criminal behavior takes place through communication, which can be verbal or nonverbal, in a social setting.
- Small, Intimate Groups: The most influential learning environments, according to the theory, are those close to the individual, such as family members or close friends.
How the Learning Process Works
- Exposure to Definitions: Individuals are exposed to different definitions of what is right and wrong. These definitions can either be favorable or unfavorable to law violation.
- Differential Associations: The ratio of definitions favorable to law violation versus those unfavorable to law violation determines whether someone is likely to engage in criminal behavior.
- Learning Techniques and Motivations: Individuals not only learn why and how to commit crimes, but they also learn the techniques necessary to engage in criminal activity.
- Reinforcement: If an individual's deviant behavior is reinforced or tolerated by those they are close to, that increases the likelihood they will continue engaging in that behavior.
Examples in Action
Let's consider a few examples:
- Peer Influence: A teenager who is surrounded by friends who regularly skip school and shoplift might learn these behaviors and come to accept them as normal.
- Family Dynamics: If a child grows up in a household where crime is seen as an acceptable means to an end, they are more likely to adopt that perspective.
- Community Norms: In communities where gang culture and violence are prevalent, individuals are more likely to learn and participate in such activities.
Implications of Differential Association Theory
Sutherland's theory has significant implications for understanding crime and devising effective social policies. It highlights the importance of:
- Early Intervention: Targeting at-risk youth with positive role models and alternative social groups can mitigate their exposure to negative influences.
- Community Programs: Implementing community-based programs that teach law-abiding behaviors and norms can change the balance of definitions.
- Focus on Social Networks: Recognizing that an individual's social network plays a crucial role in shaping their behavior and intervening in those networks when they are promoting deviance.
Limitations
While influential, differential association theory is not without its limitations. Some common criticisms include:
- Difficulty in Quantifying Definitions: It can be difficult to measure how many definitions favorable or unfavorable to crime an individual is exposed to.
- Ignoring Individual Differences: The theory does not fully explain why individuals from similar social environments may not engage in criminal activity.
- Circular Reasoning: Some argue that the theory can be circular, implying that individuals commit crime because they learn it from others who commit crime.
Despite these limitations, differential association theory continues to be a cornerstone in sociological explanations of crime and deviance.
