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What Language Does English Borrow From the Most?

Published in English Language Etymology 2 mins read

English, a language known for its vast vocabulary, has significantly enriched itself by borrowing words from numerous other languages throughout its history.

The language from which English has borrowed the most words is French.

Historically, the English language has undergone significant transformations due to various invasions and cultural exchanges, leading to a rich tapestry of borrowed vocabulary. While its roots are Germanic, a substantial portion of its modern lexicon is derived from other tongues.

The most significant influence comes from French, particularly the Langue d'oïl dialects, which contributed a massive influx of words following the Norman Conquest of 1066. This linguistic borrowing profoundly shaped English. While French holds the largest share of borrowed words, "native" English words, derived from Old English, still form a substantial core of the vocabulary, particularly for everyday concepts. Latin, the language of scholarship, religion, and science, also holds a significant place due to direct borrowing and its influence on French. Old Norse, brought by Viking settlers, contributed many common words to the language.

Here's a breakdown of the primary influences on English vocabulary by estimated percentage:

Language Influence Estimated Percentage of Vocabulary
French 41%
"Native" English (from Old English) 33%
Latin 15%
Old Norse 5%
Other Influences Remaining 6%

This linguistic blending is a testament to English's dynamic nature, allowing it to adapt and grow by integrating terms from various global cultures and historical periods.