Radicals in the body, more accurately termed free radicals, are highly reactive and unstable molecules, often containing oxygen, that can damage cells.
Here's a more detailed explanation:
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Definition: Free radicals are atoms or molecules that have an unpaired electron. This unpaired electron makes them highly reactive as they try to find another electron to become stable.
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Formation: They are created when an atom or molecule gains or loses an electron. This can occur during normal metabolic processes within the body, as well as from external sources.
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Sources:
- Normal Metabolism: Everyday processes like breathing and digestion generate some free radicals.
- Environmental Factors: Exposure to pollutants, radiation (including sunlight), tobacco smoke, and certain chemicals can increase free radical production.
- Inflammation: The body's inflammatory response also produces free radicals.
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Damage: Free radicals can damage:
- DNA: This can lead to mutations and increase the risk of cancer.
- Proteins: Altering their function and potentially disrupting cellular processes.
- Lipids (fats): Leading to lipid peroxidation, which can damage cell membranes and contribute to atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries).
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Antioxidants: The body has defense mechanisms against free radicals in the form of antioxidants. Antioxidants are molecules that can donate an electron to a free radical without becoming unstable themselves, neutralizing the free radical and preventing it from causing damage. Examples include vitamins C and E, beta-carotene, and selenium.
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Impact on Health: An imbalance between free radical production and antioxidant defenses, known as oxidative stress, is implicated in many diseases, including:
- Cancer
- Heart disease
- Alzheimer's disease
- Parkinson's disease
- Cataracts
- Arthritis
In summary, radicals (free radicals) are unstable molecules that can damage cells, contributing to aging and the development of various diseases. The body combats these radicals with antioxidants, but maintaining a healthy lifestyle and diet can further reduce free radical production.
