Ileus, also known as paralytic ileus or functional ileus, refers to a condition where there is a non-mechanical decrease or complete stoppage of the flow of intestinal contents. Unlike a physical blockage, ileus occurs due to a functional problem with the bowel's ability to move its contents along the digestive tract.
Understanding Ileus
This condition arises when the normal muscular contractions (peristalsis) of the intestines, which are responsible for pushing food and waste through the digestive system, become temporarily paralyzed or significantly slowed down. This leads to an accumulation of gas, fluid, and intestinal contents, causing discomfort and potential complications.
Key Characteristics of Ileus
- Non-mechanical: The absence of a physical obstruction in the bowel lumen.
- Functional impairment: The issue lies with the muscle activity of the intestines, not a physical blockage.
- Decreased or stopped flow: The primary symptom is a significant reduction or complete cessation of intestinal movement.
- Varied causes: Can be triggered by surgery, medications, infections, or other underlying medical conditions.
Ileus vs. Bowel Obstruction
It's crucial to differentiate ileus from a bowel obstruction, as they are distinct conditions requiring different approaches. While both involve a halt in intestinal flow, their underlying causes are fundamentally different.
| Feature | Ileus (Paralytic/Functional Ileus) | Bowel Obstruction (Mechanical) |
|---|---|---|
| Cause of Stoppage | Non-mechanical decrease or paralysis of intestinal movement | Mechanical blockage by a mass, adhesion, hernia, or other physical obstruction |
| Nature of Problem | Functional (bowel muscles aren't working) | Structural (something is physically blocking the way) |
| Bowel Sounds | Absent or greatly reduced | Often high-pitched initially, then absent distal to obstruction |
| Treatment Approach | Conservative management, addressing underlying cause | Often requires surgical intervention to remove obstruction |
A bowel obstruction, in contrast to ileus, involves a mechanical blockage of intestinal contents caused by a physical impediment such as a mass, adhesion, hernia, or other physical obstruction.
Implications and Symptoms
When intestinal flow decreases or stops, the body cannot properly digest food or eliminate waste. This can lead to a range of symptoms, including:
- Abdominal bloating and distension
- Nausea and vomiting
- Abdominal pain or discomfort
- Lack of bowel movements or inability to pass gas
- Reduced or absent bowel sounds
Early recognition and management are important to prevent complications such as dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, and, in severe cases, intestinal damage or perforation. For further information on ileus and related gastrointestinal conditions, reliable medical resources such as StatPearls via NCBI Bookshelf can provide detailed insights.
