To use "however" as a transition, especially when connecting two independent clauses, the traditional rule requires specific punctuation. Based on grammatical conventions, when "however" functions as a conjunctive adverb linking two complete thoughts (independent clauses), you should follow one of these two main methods:
Method 1: Starting a New Sentence
The most common and often easiest way to use "however" as a transition between two related but contrasting ideas is to begin a new sentence with it.
- Structure: First independent clause. However, second independent clause.
- Explanation: The first sentence ends with a period. The word "However" starts the new sentence and is typically followed by a comma.
- Example: The team played exceptionally well in the first half. However, they struggled to maintain their momentum after the break.
Method 2: Using a Semicolon Before "However"
Another correct way to use "however" to transition between two closely related independent clauses within a single sentence structure is to precede it with a semicolon.
- Structure: First independent clause; however, second independent clause.
- Explanation: A semicolon connects the two independent clauses. "However" follows the semicolon and is typically followed by a comma. This method works best when the two clauses are very closely linked in meaning.
- Example: She wanted to attend the wedding; however, she had a conflicting work commitment.
This method, as noted in the provided reference, adheres to the traditional rule that "however" should be preceded by a semicolon rather than a comma when transitioning between independent clauses within the same sentence structure.
Summary Table: Using "However" Between Independent Clauses
| Method | Structure | Punctuation Around "However" | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| Start New Sentence | Clause 1. However, Clause 2. | Period before, comma after | The weather was bad. However, we still went hiking. |
| Use Semicolon Before | Clause 1; however, Clause 2. | Semicolon before, comma after | He didn't study enough; however, he managed to pass the exam. |
Using "however" correctly helps create smooth, logical flow between contrasting ideas in your writing, clearly signaling to the reader that the following statement introduces a point of contrast or concession.
