Longswords are sometimes called "bastard swords" due to the historical ambiguity surrounding their size and classification, fitting between a true one-handed sword and a large two-handed greatsword. The term reflects their "irregular" nature or "uncertain origin" in terms of how they were wielded.
The Etymology of "Bastard Sword"
The appellation "bastard sword" originated in the 15th or 16th century, stemming from the French term épée bâtarde. This designation wasn't initially a specific type but rather a descriptor for swords that didn't neatly fit into conventional categories.
Evolution of the Term's Meaning
The meaning of "bastard sword" evolved over time, reflecting changes in sword design and classification:
- 15th to Early 16th Century: During this period, "bastard sword" (or épée bâtarde) generally referred to an "irregular sword" or a "sword of uncertain origin." This might have applied to swords that were longer than typical arming swords but shorter than full two-handed swords, making their primary handling method ambiguous.
- Mid-16th Century Onward: By the mid-16th century, the term began to specifically describe "exceptionally large swords." These were often swords that were too long for comfortable one-handed use but not quite long or heavy enough to be classified purely as a two-handed greatsword. They were characterized by a grip long enough to allow two hands, even if only for leverage, but could also be wielded with one hand if necessary.
Why "Bastard"?
The "bastard" moniker implies a hybrid or non-standard nature. Just as a "bastard file" is a file that falls between coarse and fine, a "bastard sword" occupied a middle ground in terms of size and handling. This characteristic blurred the lines between typical sword classifications, making it a versatile weapon that could be adapted to different combat situations.
Key Characteristics of Swords Referred to as "Bastard Swords":
- Versatile Grip: Features a grip long enough to accommodate two hands for power and control, yet short enough to allow for agile one-handed use in close quarters or when grappling.
- Blade Length: Typically longer than a standard single-handed sword (like an arming sword) but shorter than a massive two-handed greatsword or claymore.
- Adaptability: Its design allowed for diverse fighting styles, making it suitable for both mounted and dismounted combat, and effective against various types of armor.
This table illustrates the historical shift in the term's application:
| Period | Original Connotation | Later Connotation (by Mid-16th Century) |
|---|---|---|
| 15th - Early 16th Century | Irregular, non-standard, or of uncertain origin | N/A |
| Mid-16th Century Onward | N/A | Exceptionally large swords, often usable with one or two hands |
Essentially, the term "bastard sword" became synonymous with the longsword because the longsword's design inherently embodies this "in-between" or "hybrid" nature, making it adaptable for one-handed or two-handed use, depending on the context. Modern understanding often equates the "bastard sword" with the "hand-and-a-half sword," which is a common descriptor for longswords given their versatile grip.
For more information on the history and characteristics of longswords, you can refer to resources like Wikipedia's entry on the Longsword.
