In modern forms of Judaism, a man is strictly allowed only one wife. This practice of monogamy is universally followed across all contemporary Jewish denominations, enforced by rabbinic decrees established centuries ago.
However, the historical context of Jewish marital law reveals a more complex picture, with different allowances in pre-modern and biblical times.
Evolution of Marital Practices in Judaism
Jewish marital practices have evolved significantly over time. While modern Judaism is definitively monogamous, earlier periods permitted multiple wives under certain conditions.
Here's a breakdown of the allowances across different eras:
| Era/Period | Wives Allowed | Concubines Allowed (for men) | Key Rules/Limitations |
|---|---|---|---|
| Modern Judaism | One | Not applicable | Strictly monogamous due to widespread rabbinic decrees. |
| Pre-modern Judaism | Multiple | Yes | Limited only by a man's wealth and his ability to adequately support and provide for all his wives. |
| Biblical Law | Multiple | As many as desired | Permitted multiple wives and an unlimited number of concubines. |
Modern Jewish Practice: Monogamy
Today, all modern forms of Judaism adhere to the principle of monogamy. This shift from earlier practices was solidified primarily by a decree known as Cherem D'Rabbenu Gershom (the Ban of Rabbi Gershom), issued in the 10th or 11th century. This decree, widely accepted among Ashkenazi Jews and later adopted by most Sephardic communities, prohibited polygamy.
Historical Context: Polygamy in Judaism
Prior to these rabbinic decrees, particularly in pre-modern Judaism and during biblical times, a man was permitted to have multiple wives. The primary constraint on the number of wives a man could have was his wealth—he was allowed to marry as many women as he could afford to keep and support adequately. This financial capacity was the main limiting factor.
The Role of Concubines in Biblical Law
Beyond wives, Biblical law also permitted a man to have as many concubines as he wanted. Concubines held a status distinct from wives, often without full marital rights or formal Ketubah (marriage contract), but their children were typically considered legitimate heirs. This practice, like polygamy, is no longer permitted or practiced in modern Judaism.
