The fundamental difference between a Peshwa and a Maratha lies in their scope and role: 'Maratha' refers broadly to the empire, its people, or a confederacy, while 'Peshwa' designates a specific, powerful position—the chief minister—within the Maratha Empire, who eventually became its de facto hereditary ruler.
Understanding the Maratha Identity
The term Maratha encompasses several meanings:
- Maratha Empire: This refers to the vast Indian power that existed from the 17th to the 19th centuries. Founded by Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj, it rose to prominence by challenging the Mughal Empire and eventually controlled a significant portion of the Indian subcontinent.
- Maratha People: It can also denote a large ethno-caste group predominantly found in the Indian state of Maharashtra. Historically, many members of this community were warriors, farmers, and administrators, contributing significantly to the empire's strength.
- Maratha Confederacy: In its later stages, the Maratha Empire evolved into a confederacy of powerful Maratha chiefs (like the Holkars, Scindias, Gaekwads, and Bhonsles) who, while acknowledging the nominal authority of the Chhatrapati, often exercised considerable autonomy.
In essence, 'Maratha' represents the overarching political entity, the cultural identity, and the people associated with a significant period of Indian history.
Understanding the Peshwa's Role
The Peshwa was a highly influential office within the Maratha administration, distinct from the broader Maratha identity.
- Chief Minister: Originally, the Peshwa held the position of chief minister or Mulk Pradhan in the Ashtapradhan (council of eight ministers) of the Maratha Empire. Their primary duty was to serve the Chhatrapati (the Maratha king or emperor).
- Rise to Power: Over time, particularly after the reign of Chhatrapati Shahu (Shahuji), the Peshwas grew immensely powerful. They officially became the hereditary leaders of the Maratha Empire when the management of the empire was formally handed over to them by Shahuji. This transfer of authority effectively made them the de facto rulers, managing the empire's administration, military, and foreign policy, while the Chhatrapati became a titular head.
- Prominent Dynasty: The most famous Peshwas belonged to the Bhat family, beginning with Balaji Vishwanath and continuing with influential figures like Bajirao I and Balaji Bajirao (Nana Saheb). They were instrumental in expanding the Maratha Empire to its greatest extent.
Key Differences Between Peshwa and Maratha
To summarize the distinction, here's a comparative table:
| Feature | Maratha | Peshwa |
|---|---|---|
| Definition | Refers to the Empire, its people, or a confederacy. | A specific, high-ranking administrative and military office within the Maratha Empire. |
| Scope | Broad; encompasses a vast geographical region, culture, and political entity. | Specific; a powerful post within the empire's administration, often held by a single family. |
| Role | The overarching political power and identity, led by a Chhatrapati. | Initially a chief minister, later became the de facto hereditary ruler and military commander. |
| Nature | A civilization, a kingdom/empire, or an ethnic group. | A specific position or a dynasty holding significant power under the nominal authority of the Chhatrapati. |
| Hierarchy | The apex political entity (the Empire) or a constituent community within it. | A key administrative and executive branch of the Maratha Empire, acting on behalf of the Chhatrapati. |
In essence, while all Peshwas were part of the Maratha framework, not all Marathas were Peshwas. The Maratha was the larger entity, while the Peshwa was a crucial, evolving office within that structure, eventually wielding the majority of its power.
