MARPOL is called 73/78 because it represents a foundational international convention adopted in 1973 that was subsequently modified and absorbed by a crucial 1978 Protocol. This dual designation reflects the historical development and legal evolution of the primary international agreement aimed at preventing pollution from ships.
The Genesis: MARPOL 1973
The original International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL) was adopted by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) on November 2, 1973. Its primary goal was to prevent and minimize pollution from ships, covering accidental pollution and pollution from routine operations.
Key aspects of the 1973 Convention:
- Adoption Date: November 2, 1973
- Adopting Body: International Maritime Organization (IMO)
- Purpose: To prevent marine pollution by ships
The Evolution: The 1978 Protocol
Despite its adoption in 1973, the original MARPOL Convention had not yet entered into force when a series of significant tanker accidents occurred in 1976 and 1977. These incidents highlighted an urgent need for more stringent measures and expedited implementation.
In response to these accidents, the IMO adopted a Protocol in 1978. This Protocol was not merely an amendment; it was designed to absorb and incorporate the provisions of the 1973 Convention, essentially creating a unified legal instrument.
Reasons for the 1978 Protocol:
- Response to Accidents: A spate of tanker accidents in 1976-1977
- Urgency: The 1973 Convention had not yet entered into force, delaying its impact.
- Absorption: The 1978 Protocol absorbed the entire 1973 MARPOL Convention, making it the effective and operational version of the agreement.
The Combined Designation: 73/78
The combined name "MARPOL 73/78" signifies that the operative legal framework in place today is a direct result of the initial 1973 Convention, made effective and enhanced by the 1978 Protocol.
| Year | Event | Significance |
|---|---|---|
| 1973 | Adoption of the MARPOL Convention | Established the foundational international rules for preventing marine pollution from ships. |
| 1978 | Adoption of the MARPOL Protocol | Responded to urgent issues (tanker accidents), incorporated, and effectively brought the 1973 Convention into force. |
This unique naming convention, therefore, acknowledges both the original intent and the critical adaptations that led to the comprehensive and widely ratified international instrument for preventing pollution from ships, which continues to be updated with new annexes and amendments as needed. You can find more information about the Convention on the official IMO website.
