During World War II, Morocco's alignment was not static; it transitioned from being under the influence of the Axis-aligned Vichy France to becoming an active participant on the side of the Allies.
Morocco's Shifting Allegiance in World War II
Initially, Morocco, as a French protectorate, found itself under the control of Vichy France after the fall of France to Nazi Germany in June 1940. While Vichy France maintained a policy of nominal neutrality, it largely collaborated with the Axis powers, effectively placing its colonial territories, including Morocco, within the Axis sphere of influence for the early part of the war.
The Turning Point: Allied Liberation
The strategic importance of North Africa led to a significant shift in Morocco's wartime position. The North African Campaign, specifically Operation Torch in November 1942, marked the Allied invasion of French North Africa. This major amphibious landing by American and British forces aimed to liberate the region from Vichy control.
Following a brief period of resistance, Vichy French forces in Morocco, along with those in Algeria and Tunisia, ceased fighting and subsequently switched their allegiance to the Allies. This pivotal moment, occurring roughly from June 1940 to May 1943 for the broader campaign, liberated Morocco from Vichy occupation.
Active Participation with the Allies
From late 1942 until the end of the war in 1945, Morocco became an integral part of the Allied forces. Moroccan troops, including the renowned Goumiers and other units, played a crucial role in various Allied campaigns. They fought with distinction alongside Allied forces in key theaters such as:
- The Italian Campaign: Moroccan units participated in demanding battles, demonstrating bravery and resilience.
- The Liberation of France: They were instrumental in the push through France, contributing to the ultimate defeat of Nazi Germany.
- Campaigns in Germany: Moroccan soldiers continued to serve until the final victory in Europe.
This active military contribution cemented Morocco's place on the Allied side, demonstrating its commitment to the fight against the Axis powers after its liberation.
Timeline of Morocco's WWII Affiliation
The following table summarizes Morocco's evolving stance during World War II:
Period | Controlling Power/Affiliation | Key Events Affecting Morocco |
---|---|---|
June 1940 – Nov 1942 | Vichy France (aligned with, and under influence of, the Axis powers) | Fall of France, Establishment of Vichy regime |
Nov 1942 – Sept 1945 | Allied Forces (through liberation and active participation) | North African Campaign (Operation Torch), Moroccan contributions to Allied efforts |
Morocco's journey through World War II reflects a complex period of occupation, liberation, and eventual significant contribution to the Allied victory.