A fungus nail, also known as onychomycosis, is a common infection affecting the nails, typically starting as a white or yellow-brown spot under the nail's tip. As the infection progresses, the nail can become discolored, thickened, and may crumble at the edges. It commonly affects toenails, but can also occur on fingernails.
Progression of a Fungal Nail Infection
Here's a breakdown of how a fungal nail infection typically develops:
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Initial Stage: The infection often begins subtly, appearing as a small white or yellowish spot underneath the nail.
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Spread: Without treatment, the fungus spreads deeper into the nail, affecting more of its structure.
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Nail Changes: This leads to noticeable changes, including:
- Discoloration: The nail may turn yellow, brown, or even black.
- Thickening: The nail becomes thicker and harder to trim.
- Brittleness/Crumbling: The edges of the nail may become brittle and crumble easily.
- Distortion: The nail shape can become distorted or misshapen.
- Separation: In severe cases, the nail may separate from the nail bed.
Causes and Risk Factors
Fungal nail infections are primarily caused by dermatophytes, but yeasts and molds can also be responsible. Risk factors that increase your chances of developing a fungal nail infection include:
- Age: Older adults are more susceptible.
- Reduced blood circulation
- Nail injury or surgery
- Diabetes
- Weakened immune system
- Excessive sweating
- Walking barefoot in damp public places (e.g., swimming pools, gyms)
Treatment Options
Treatment for fungal nail infections can include:
- Over-the-counter antifungal medications: These may be effective for mild infections.
- Prescription antifungal medications: Oral or topical medications prescribed by a doctor.
- Laser therapy: A more recent treatment option that uses laser energy to kill the fungus.
- Nail removal: In severe cases, the infected nail may need to be removed surgically.
Prompt treatment is recommended to prevent the infection from worsening and potentially spreading to other nails or people.
