A black tongue is usually caused by a harmless condition called black hairy tongue syndrome (BHT). This happens when the tiny bumps on your tongue (papillae) grow longer than normal and don't shed dead cells properly. This buildup, along with bacteria and other substances like food or tobacco, can cause discoloration, making your tongue appear black or brown.
Causes of Black Tongue
Several factors can contribute to the development of BHT:
- Poor oral hygiene: Insufficient brushing and flossing allow bacteria and debris to accumulate.
- Lifestyle factors:
- Smoking
- Excessive alcohol consumption
- Frequent consumption of coffee and tea
- Medications: Certain medications, especially antibiotics, can disrupt the normal shedding of papillae.
- Medical conditions: Dry mouth syndrome and conditions like trigeminal neuralgia have been associated with BHT.
- Mouthwashes: Using mouthwashes containing peroxide or other oxidizing agents can irritate the tongue.
- Radiation therapy: This treatment can also impact the tongue's normal cell turnover.
What to Do if You Have a Black Tongue
While generally harmless, a black tongue can be unsightly and may indicate a need for better oral hygiene. If you notice a black tongue:
- Improve your oral hygiene: Brush your tongue gently with a toothbrush or tongue scraper at least twice daily.
- Hydrate: Drink plenty of water to combat dry mouth.
- Avoid irritating substances: Limit or avoid alcohol, coffee, tea, tobacco, and harsh mouthwashes.
- Consult a doctor: If the discoloration persists or you experience other symptoms, see your dentist or doctor to rule out any underlying medical conditions.
Understanding Black Hairy Tongue Syndrome
As stated in multiple sources, including Verywell Health, Mayo Clinic, and Medical News Today, black hairy tongue is a temporary and usually benign condition resulting from the overgrowth of dead skin cells and a build-up of keratin. The elongated papillae trap bacteria and other substances, leading to the characteristic black discoloration. Cleveland Clinic further emphasizes the role of lifestyle factors and certain medications in its development.
