An archegonium is the female reproductive organ found in ferns, mosses, and some gymnosperms (like cycads and conifers).
Structure of an Archegonium
The archegonium has a distinct flask-like shape and comprises two main parts:
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Neck: This is the elongated part of the structure, formed by one or more layers of cells. It provides a pathway for the sperm to reach the egg.
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Venter: This is the swollen base of the archegonium and contains the egg cell. The egg is the female gamete that, upon fertilization, develops into an embryo.
Function of the Archegonium
The primary function of the archegonium is to protect and nurture the egg cell and to facilitate fertilization. The neck cells secrete chemicals that attract sperm, guiding them toward the egg within the venter. After fertilization, the archegonium provides a protective environment for the developing embryo.
Occurrence
Archegonia are characteristically found in:
- Bryophytes (Mosses, Liverworts, and Hornworts): These non-vascular plants rely on archegonia for sexual reproduction.
- Pteridophytes (Ferns and Fern Allies): Similar to bryophytes, ferns depend on archegonia as part of their life cycle.
- Gymnosperms (Cycads and Conifers): Although some gymnosperms have more advanced structures for reproduction, cycads and conifers retain the archegonium.