Decidual cells are specialized cells found in the lining of the uterus (endometrium) during pregnancy. They develop from endometrial stromal cells, which are fibroblast-like cells that normally reside in the endometrium. Under the influence of progesterone, these stromal cells undergo a transformation process called decidualization. This process results in the formation of large, round, or polygonal cells known as decidual cells.
Decidual cells play a crucial role in supporting the developing embryo and placenta. They secrete various growth factors, cytokines, and extracellular matrix components that contribute to:
- Implantation: Decidual cells help the embryo implant into the uterine wall by providing a suitable environment for attachment and growth.
- Placentation: They contribute to the development of the placenta, the organ that provides nutrients and oxygen to the growing fetus and removes waste products.
- Immune modulation: Decidual cells help regulate the immune system during pregnancy, preventing the mother's immune system from rejecting the fetus, which is essentially a foreign entity.
- Uterine hemostasis: They are involved in controlling bleeding after childbirth.
In summary, decidual cells are essential for a successful pregnancy, playing vital roles in embryo implantation, placentation, immune modulation, and uterine hemostasis.
