The hormone most likely causing Hyperemesis Gravidarum (HG) is Growth Differentiation Factor 15 (GDF15).
While the exact etiology of Hyperemesis Gravidarum (HG), a severe form of morning sickness in pregnancy, remains complex and multifactorial, strong evidence points to GDF15 as a primary culprit. Here's a breakdown:
-
GDF15 and HG: Research indicates that the severity of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy, particularly HG, correlates with levels of GDF15. Pregnant women with HG typically exhibit significantly elevated levels of this hormone.
-
What is GDF15? GDF15 is a hormone belonging to the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) superfamily. It plays a role in regulating appetite, body weight, and inflammation. During pregnancy, the placenta produces substantial amounts of GDF15.
-
Why Does GDF15 Cause Nausea? It is thought that sensitivity to GDF15 is determined by the amount of exposure to the hormone prior to pregnancy. Women with low GDF15 exposure are more susceptible to morning sickness. Women with genetic variants that predispose them to higher levels of GDF15 throughout their lives, such as women with beta thalassemia, are less likely to experience HG.
-
Other Contributing Factors: While GDF15 is a key player, it's crucial to remember that HG is likely influenced by other factors as well. These may include:
- Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG): This hormone rises rapidly in early pregnancy and is often associated with morning sickness.
- Estrogen: High levels of estrogen during pregnancy can also contribute to nausea and vomiting.
- Genetics: A family history of HG increases the risk of developing the condition.
- Psychological factors: Although not a primary cause, stress and anxiety can exacerbate symptoms.
In summary, while GDF15 is considered the most likely hormone causing HG, other hormones and individual predispositions play a role in the severity and development of the condition.
