Keratin is a fibrous structural protein that forms the key building block of various tough, protective tissues in vertebrates. Its "theory," or rather, our understanding of its structure and function, is multifaceted and involves several aspects:
1. Keratin's Structure and Assembly:
Keratin proteins assemble into filaments through a series of steps. This process begins with dimerization, followed by the formation of tetramers and octamers. The current theory suggests that these eventually create unit-length-filaments (ULFs) which then anneal end-to-end to create longer filaments. [Source: Keratin proteins, like other intermediate filaments, develop filamentous polymers through a sequence of assembly phases that start with dimerization and progress through octamers, tetramers, and, if the current theory is right, unit-length-filaments (ULF) sufficient of annealing end-to-end into longer filaments. ]
2. Keratin's Role in Biological Tissues:
Keratin's strength and insolubility make it ideal for protective structures. It's the primary component of:
- Hair and nails: Providing strength and flexibility.
- Skin: Forming the epidermis' outer layer, acting as a barrier against environmental stressors.
- Horns and hooves: Creating durable, protective coverings.
- Feathers: Contributing to insulation and flight in birds.
[Source: Keratin-rich by-products, i.e. bristles, horns and hooves, chicken feathers and similar, are a source of nutrients for animals (amino acids) and plants (N,... and This study reviews the current knowledge on the ecology and physiology of keratinolytic microorganisms and presents the biodegradation mechanism of native...]
3. Keratin Biodegradation:
The strong and stable nature of keratin makes it resistant to degradation. However, certain microorganisms, known as keratinolytic microorganisms, possess the enzymes necessary to break down keratin. The study of these mechanisms is an active area of research, with implications for waste management and resource utilization. [Source: This study reviews the current knowledge on the ecology and physiology of keratinolytic microorganisms and presents the biodegradation mechanism of native...]
4. Keratin in Commercial Applications:
Keratin's properties are exploited commercially in various products, particularly in hair care. Keratin treatments aim to improve hair strength, reduce frizz, and add shine by temporarily binding to the hair shaft. These treatments involve applying a keratin-rich solution to the hair, followed by heat styling to set the treatment. The effects are temporary and typically last several weeks. [Source: Keratin treatment is a chemical process that smooths and shines frizzy hair. Results can last up to 3-5 months if proper care is taken post..., A Keratin Complex smoothing treatment can give you the benefit of soft, silky, shiny, and smooth hair that lasts from 6 weeks up to 5 months., and While there are different variations of keratin treatment formulas, the basic premise is this: A professional hairstylist will use a combination...]
5. Keratin Modeling:
Researchers utilize theoretical models, such as self-consistent field theory, to understand the interactions between keratin intermediate filaments at a molecular level. These models provide insights into the mechanical properties and assembly processes of keratin. [Source: We have developed a model for the interactions between keratin intermediate filaments based on self-consistent field theory. The intermediate filaments...]
