What language did Ravana speak?

Ravana, the mythical king of Lanka and central antagonist of the Hindu epic Ramayana, is widely believed to have been fluent in both Sanskrit and Tamil. His profound linguistic prowess is suggested by various ancient traditions and his prominent associations.

Ravana's Linguistic Mastery

The understanding of Ravana's fluency in multiple classical languages is derived from several key insights:

• Proficiency in Sanskrit: As a revered scholar, a devout follower of Shiva, and the reputed composer of hymns such as the Shiva Tandava Stotram, Ravana's command over Sanskrit is generally accepted. The very epic that narrates his saga, the Ramayana, was composed in Sanskrit, underscoring the language's significant role during that era. His deep knowledge of the Vedic scriptures and other ancient texts would have necessitated a strong command of Sanskrit. For more on the language, see Sanskrit.
• Fluency in Tamil: Evidence suggesting Ravana's knowledge of Tamil often stems from traditional practices in Shiva temples, particularly where priests utilize both Tamil and Sanskrit in their rituals. Crucially, his association with esteemed sages, most notably Sage Agasthiyar, a pivotal figure in Tamil literary and cultural history, strongly indicates his familiarity with Tamil. Sage Agasthiyar is celebrated for his contributions to Tamil grammar and literature, and a connection between Ravana and such a figure implies significant engagement with the Tamil language and its traditions. For more on the language, see Tamil language.
• Scholar and Musician: Ravana was renowned not only as a formidable king but also as an accomplished musician and a profound scholar. This intellectual background suggests a comprehensive understanding of various languages required for composing, interpreting, and performing intricate musical pieces and religious treatises, further supporting his likely bilingual or even multilingual capabilities.

Context of Ancient Linguistic Traditions

Understanding the ancient linguistic landscape of Lanka (present-day Sri Lanka) and the broader Indian subcontinent provides valuable context for Ravana's likely bilingualism. In ancient times, Sanskrit served as the preeminent classical language for scholarship, religious texts, and literature across a vast geographical expanse, including parts of Southern India. Concurrently, Tamil flourished as a classical language with its own rich literary and grammatical traditions, especially dominant in the Southern regions of India. Given Lanka's geographical proximity and deep-rooted cultural ties to Southern India, it is highly plausible that a prominent ruler like Ravana would have been conversant in both these major classical languages of the period.

Reasons for Dual Language Proficiency

Ravana's mastery of both Sanskrit and Tamil highlights a broader cultural integration:

• Religious and Spiritual Practices: His deep devotion to Shiva, a deity worshipped across both Sanskrit and Tamil-speaking traditions, would have required an understanding of rituals and sacred texts in both languages for proper observance and spiritual leadership.
• Scholarly and Philosophical Pursuits: As a king known for his intellect, mastery of the Vedas, and astrological knowledge, Ravana's engagement with diverse knowledge systems would have necessitated familiarity with texts preserved in both Sanskrit and early Tamil.
• Cultural and Diplomatic Exchange: As a powerful and influential ruler, Ravana would have engaged with various kingdoms and learned individuals from different linguistic backgrounds. Proficiency in both dominant classical languages would have been a practical asset for governance, diplomacy, and intellectual discourse.

The depiction of Ravana, while predominantly in Sanskrit epic, often includes traditional accounts and regional lore that portray him as a figure deeply connected to both linguistic streams, showcasing his complex and multi-faceted persona.