Couples test fertility through a variety of medical assessments aimed at evaluating both male and female reproductive health. These tests help identify potential issues preventing conception.
Fertility Testing for Women
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Blood Tests: These tests measure hormone levels, such as follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), estradiol, and anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH). These hormones play crucial roles in ovulation and egg quality. Blood tests may be scheduled around specific points in the menstrual cycle for accurate readings.
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Pelvic Examination: A physical examination to check for signs of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) or other physical abnormalities that could affect fertility.
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Hysterosalpingogram (HSG): An X-ray procedure that uses dye to visualize the uterus and fallopian tubes. This helps determine if the fallopian tubes are blocked, which could prevent the egg from traveling to the uterus.
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Ultrasound: Transvaginal ultrasound is used to examine the ovaries and uterus, looking for cysts, fibroids, or other abnormalities. Antral follicle count (AFC) during ultrasound can estimate ovarian reserve.
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Ovarian Reserve Testing: Determines the quantity and quality of a woman's eggs. This often includes blood tests (FSH, AMH) and an antral follicle count (AFC) via ultrasound.
Fertility Testing for Men
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Semen Analysis: This is the primary test for male fertility. It assesses the following parameters:
- Sperm Count: The number of sperm in the semen sample.
- Sperm Motility: The percentage of sperm that are moving and their direction of movement.
- Sperm Morphology: The shape and structure of the sperm. Abnormal sperm shapes can affect their ability to fertilize an egg.
- Semen Volume: The amount of semen produced.
- Semen pH: Acidity or alkalinity of semen.
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Physical Examination: A doctor will examine the testicles and prostate to identify any physical abnormalities.
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Hormone Testing: Blood tests to measure testosterone and other hormones that affect sperm production.
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Genetic Testing: In some cases, genetic testing may be recommended to identify genetic conditions that could affect fertility.
Testing Process for Couples
Often, fertility testing starts with a thorough medical history and physical exam for both partners. Initial testing often begins with semen analysis for the male partner and bloodwork for the female partner. Further testing is then tailored based on these initial results. It's common for both partners to be evaluated concurrently to expedite the diagnostic process.
Fertility testing allows healthcare providers to identify the underlying cause of infertility and recommend appropriate treatment options, such as medication, surgery, or assisted reproductive technologies (ART) like in vitro fertilization (IVF).
