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How is a variable manipulated in descriptive research?

Published in Research Methods 2 mins read

Variables are not manipulated in descriptive research. Instead, they are observed and measured in their natural setting.

Descriptive research aims to describe the characteristics of a population, situation, or phenomenon. It focuses on "what is" rather than "why it is." Therefore, the researcher observes and records variables as they naturally occur without attempting to control or change them. This contrasts with experimental research, where variables are deliberately manipulated to determine cause-and-effect relationships.

Here's a breakdown:

  • Observation: Researchers observe and record data about the variables of interest.
  • Measurement: Variables are measured using various methods such as surveys, interviews, and direct observation.
  • Analysis: The data collected is analyzed to describe the characteristics of the population or phenomenon being studied and to identify associations between variables.

Why No Manipulation?

The primary goal of descriptive research is to provide an accurate representation of the existing state of affairs. Manipulating variables would alter the natural context and potentially distort the findings, rendering the research less descriptive and more akin to experimental or quasi-experimental designs.

Examples:

  • Descriptive Study: A researcher conducts a survey to determine the average income of families in a particular city. The researcher does not manipulate the income levels of the families; they simply collect data on the existing income levels.
  • Experimental Study: A researcher wants to test the effectiveness of a new fertilizer on plant growth. The researcher manipulates the amount of fertilizer given to different groups of plants to see if it affects their growth.

Table summarizing the key differences:

Feature Descriptive Research Experimental Research
Variable Manipulation No Yes
Purpose Describe Determine cause-effect
Setting Natural Controlled

In summary, descriptive research focuses on observing and measuring variables as they naturally occur, without any intervention or manipulation by the researcher. This allows for an accurate depiction of the phenomenon under investigation.