The Romans primarily knew the structure we call the Colosseum by its original and official name: the Flavian Amphitheatre (Latin: Amphitheatrum Flavium).
The Official Roman Name: Flavian Amphitheatre
Construction of this iconic monument began under Emperor Vespasian of the Flavian dynasty around 70-72 AD and was completed by his son Titus in 80 AD. The name "Flavian Amphitheatre" directly honors the Flavian emperors who commissioned and oversaw its creation. It was the largest amphitheatre ever built and served as a grand venue for various public spectacles, including gladiatorial contests, animal hunts, executions, and even naval battles re-enactments.
Unofficial and Poetic References
While its official designation was the Flavian Amphitheatre, in antiquity, Romans may also have referred to the structure by the unofficial, poetic name, Amphitheatrum Caesareum. This name, with "Caesareum" pertaining to the title Caesar, was likely strictly poetic and not exclusive to the Colosseum, meaning it could have been applied to other amphitheatres as well.
The Origin of the Name "Colosseum"
The name "Colosseum" as we know it today was not used by the ancient Romans. It is believed to have been adopted much later, possibly during the Middle Ages. The most widely accepted theory is that the name derives from its proximity to the colossal bronze statue of Nero, the Colossus Neronis, which stood nearby. This massive statue was later modified by subsequent emperors to represent Sol (the sun god), but its sheer size and presence likely lent its name to the adjacent amphitheatre over time.
Key Names for the Roman Amphitheatre
Here's a summary of the various names associated with this magnificent ancient structure:
| Name | Period/Type | Meaning/Context |
|---|---|---|
| Flavian Amphitheatre | Ancient, Official | Named after the Flavian dynasty (Emperors Vespasian and Titus) who built it. |
| Amphitheatrum Caesareum | Ancient, Unofficial/Poetic | "Amphitheatre of Caesar"; likely poetic and not exclusive to this specific structure. |
| Colosseum | Medieval/Modern | Derived from its proximity to the colossal statue of Nero (Colossus Neronis). |
Historical Context and Purpose
The Colosseum was a marvel of Roman engineering and architecture, designed to accommodate tens of thousands of spectators. Its innovative design included complex systems of trapdoors, ramps, and elevators to bring animals and gladiators into the arena, as well as a retractable awning (velarium) to shield the audience from the sun. It stood as a symbol of Roman power, engineering prowess, and the importance of public entertainment in Roman society.
For more information, you can explore the history and architecture of the Colosseum on Wikipedia.
