Poor Romans were primarily known as Plebeians. This broad social class constituted the vast majority of the population in ancient Roman society.
The Plebeian Class in Ancient Rome
The term Plebeian (or plebs) was used to describe common Roman citizens who were generally distinct from the aristocratic patrician class. While some plebeians managed to acquire wealth, they were broadly recognized as the less affluent segment of Roman society. Crucially, regardless of their individual financial standing, plebeians historically did not have power in government simply because they were not members of the patrician class.
Plebeians vs. Patricians: A Social Divide
Ancient Rome was characterized by a distinct social hierarchy, with the two primary citizen classes being the Plebeians and the Patricians.
| Feature | Plebeians | Patricians |
|---|---|---|
| Social Status | Common citizens, majority of the population | Aristocratic elite, upper class |
| Wealth | Generally poor, though some could be wealthy | Typically wealthy and land-owning |
| Political Power | Initially no power in government, limited rights | Controlled the government, held key offices |
| Origin | Varied, including farmers, artisans, merchants | Descendants of the oldest and most prominent Roman families |
The Patricians were the hereditary upper class of Roman society who held significant political, economic, and social control, dominating the early Roman government. The history of the Roman Republic is largely defined by the "Struggle of the Orders," a prolonged period during which plebeians fought to gain equal rights and political representation against the established power of the patrician class. Over centuries, plebeians gradually achieved more rights, including the ability to hold public office and intermarry with patricians.
Key Characteristics of Plebeians
- Majority Population: Plebeians made up the largest segment of Roman citizens.
- Economic Status: They were generally of lower economic status, comprising farmers, laborers, artisans, and merchants.
- Political Disenfranchisement: For a significant period, they were excluded from holding public office and participating in the Senate, the primary governing body.
- Struggle for Rights: Their history is marked by persistent efforts to achieve political and social equality with the patricians, leading to important reforms and the creation of their own assemblies and officials, such as the Tribunes of the Plebs.
