Spencer was famously known for developing the philosophy of Social Darwinism and for coining the widely recognized phrase "survival of the fittest."
His work significantly influenced thought in the late 19th and early 20th centuries by applying biological principles to societal structures.
Key Contributions to Philosophy and Sociology
Spencer's fame largely stems from his unique interpretation and application of scientific theories to human society.
- Social Darwinism: Spencer adapted Charles Darwin's concept of natural selection, extending it from biology to the realm of human society. This philosophy, termed "Social Darwinism," posited that like biological organisms, human societies evolve through a process of natural selection, where the most "fit" individuals or groups succeed, and the "unfit" decline. This idea was often used to justify social hierarchies and economic disparities, particularly in the context of laissez-faire capitalism.
- "Survival of the Fittest": Although often mistakenly attributed solely to Charles Darwin, it was Spencer who first coined the term "survival of the fittest." He used this phrase to describe the dynamic between the wealthy and the poor in a capitalist system, suggesting that those who prosper are inherently more "fit" for survival in that environment. This concept became a cornerstone of Social Darwinism, influencing discussions about economics, social policy, and individualism.
Through these contributions, Spencer left a lasting, albeit often controversial, mark on sociology, economics, and political thought. His ideas contributed to the intellectual framework that supported minimal government intervention in the economy and society, believing that such intervention would impede the natural evolutionary process.
