In sociology, the opposite of mores is generally considered to be folkways. While both are types of social norms, they differ significantly in their moral importance and the severity of consequences for their violation.
Understanding Social Norms: Folkways vs. Mores
Social norms are the unwritten rules of behavior that are considered acceptable in a group or society. They guide individuals' actions and interactions. Within the spectrum of social norms, folkways and mores represent two distinct categories.
Folkways: Everyday Customs
Folkways are the least restrictive and most common type of social norm. They encompass the everyday customs, habits, and conventions that govern polite social interactions. Violating folkways usually results in mild discomfort, odd looks, or minor social disapproval, rather than severe punishment.
As the provided reference states, "Folkways are the most common in everyday life, and they include social customs such as greeting someone."
Examples of Folkways:
- Saying "please" and "thank you."
- Waiting in line rather than cutting ahead.
- Wearing appropriate attire for different occasions (e.g., formal wear to a wedding).
- Maintaining personal space in conversations.
Mores: Moral Codes and Values
Mores (pronounced MOR-ays) are norms that are based on strong moral codes and values within a society. They are deeply ingrained and are considered essential for the welfare and stability of the group. Violations of mores often evoke strong negative reactions, moral outrage, and can lead to severe consequences, including legal penalties or social ostracism.
The reference clarifies that "Mores tend to be based on moral codes and values that have been passed down through generations." They reflect a society's deeply held beliefs about right and wrong.
Examples of Mores:
- Prohibitions against murder, theft, and assault.
- Taboos concerning incest or cannibalism.
- Rules against adultery in many cultures.
- Expectations of honesty and integrity in business dealings.
Key Distinctions and Sociological Significance
The fundamental difference lies in their moral weight and the societal reaction to their transgression. Folkways relate to etiquette, while mores relate to ethics and morality.
| Feature | Folkways | Mores |
|---|---|---|
| Moral Basis | Little to no moral significance | Strong moral codes and values |
| Origin | Evolve from daily interactions | Passed down through generations, often sacred |
| Enforcement | Informal, mild social disapproval | Formal (laws) and informal (strong social condemnation) |
| Violation | Considered rude, odd, or unconventional | Considered immoral, unethical, or harmful |
| Consequences | Mild embarrassment, social awkwardness | Severe condemnation, legal punishment, ostracism |
| Commonality | Most common in everyday life | Less frequent in direct violation but impactful |
Understanding this distinction is crucial in sociology because it helps analyze how societies maintain order, transmit values, and respond to deviance. The classification of norms as folkways or mores provides insight into the priorities and foundational beliefs of a culture.
Practical Insights into Norms
- Cultural Relativity: What is a folkway in one culture might be a more in another, highlighting the importance of cultural context. For instance, public displays of affection might be a folkway violation in some conservative societies, but a more violation if it's considered highly indecent.
- Dynamic Nature: Norms are not static; they evolve over time. What was once a more (e.g., prohibition of alcohol) can become less strictly enforced or even change entirely.
- Social Cohesion: Both folkways and mores contribute to social cohesion. Folkways facilitate smooth daily interactions, while mores ensure the perpetuation of core societal values.
