Soy wax is primarily made through a chemical process applied to soybean oil.
The core method involves the full hydrogenation of soybean oil. This process transforms the liquid soybean oil into a solid or semi-solid state suitable for making candles.
The Hydrogenation Process
Hydrogenation is a chemical reaction where hydrogen is added to unsaturated fatty acids in the oil. Think of it like adding hydrogen molecules to the oil's structure.
- Soybean Oil: This is the starting material, which is a liquid vegetable oil.
- Hydrogenation: Hydrogen gas is introduced to the oil, typically under pressure and with the help of a catalyst (like nickel).
- Full Hydrogenation: This means the process is carried out until most of the double bonds in the fatty acid chains are converted into single bonds by adding hydrogen. This makes the fat much more saturated.
This transformation changes the oil's physical properties, turning it into a substance that is solid at room temperature – soy wax.
Chemical Result
Chemically, the full hydrogenation process gives a triglyceride, containing a high proportion of stearic acid. Triglycerides are the main components of fats and oils. Stearic acid is a saturated fatty acid. Increasing the proportion of stearic acid through hydrogenation is what contributes significantly to the wax's solid structure.
Properties of Soy Wax
Compared to traditional paraffin wax, soy wax produced this way typically exhibits distinct characteristics:
- Softer Texture: It is generally softer than paraffin wax.
- Lower Melting Temperature: In most combinations used for candles, soy wax has a lower melting point than paraffin. This can affect how the candle burns and how it holds fragrance.
These properties make soy wax a popular choice for container candles due to its creamy texture and good adhesion to glass.
Let's quickly compare key characteristics:
| Feature | Soy Wax | Paraffin Wax |
|---|---|---|
| Composition | Hydrogenated Soybean Oil (Triglyceride) | Byproduct of Petroleum Refining |
| Primary Process | Full Hydrogenation | Refining |
| Texture | Typically softer | Typically harder |
| Melting Point | Generally lower (in most combinations) | Generally higher (varies by type) |
In summary, soy wax for candles is created by taking liquid soybean oil and solidifying it through full hydrogenation, resulting in a triglyceride rich in stearic acid, which gives it its characteristic properties.
