Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a severe systemic inflammatory syndrome that can be triggered by various factors, with viral infections being one of the most common causes. Viral-associated HLH, often referred to as infectious HLH (HLH-I), can be caused by a broad spectrum of viruses, ranging from common childhood pathogens to more complex and widespread viruses.
Viruses Known to Trigger HLH
Many types of viruses have been identified as potential triggers for HLH due to their ability to induce an excessive immune response. These viruses span several families and include both DNA and RNA viruses.
Here is a list of viruses that can cause HLH:
| Virus Type/Family | Specific Viruses |
|---|---|
| Herpes Viruses | Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV), Cytomegalovirus (CMV), Human Herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8), Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) |
| Retroviruses | Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), Human T-lymphotropic Virus (HTLV) |
| Hepatitis Viruses | Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C |
| Childhood Illnesses | Measles, Parotitis (Mumps), Rubella |
| Respiratory Viruses | Adenovirus, Influenza |
| Vector-borne Viruses | Dengue, Hantavirus |
| Other Viruses | Parvovirus B19, Enteroviruses |
It's important to note that while these viruses are known triggers, the development of HLH is often complex and can depend on various factors, including the host's genetic predisposition and immune status. The diverse range of viral pathogens highlights the varied pathways through which viral infections can lead to this severe inflammatory condition.
