Putting in a well for water involves several steps, from planning and surveying to installing the pump and testing the water quality. Here's a breakdown of the process:
1. Survey and Planning
- Assess Your Needs: Determine the amount of water you need daily and for what purposes (drinking, irrigation, etc.).
- Hydrogeological Survey: Hire a qualified hydrogeologist to assess the groundwater potential on your property. This involves analyzing local geology, existing well data, and aquifer characteristics to determine the best location for your well.
- Permits and Regulations: Research local and state regulations regarding well installation. You will likely need permits before you begin any work. Contact your local health department or water resources agency.
- Well Design: Based on the hydrogeological survey and your needs, design the well, including its depth, diameter, and casing material.
2. Trenching (if applicable)
- Layout: Determine if you need a trench for piping to connect the well to your house. Mark the path for the trench.
- Excavation: Dig the trench to the necessary depth for the water line, taking into account frost lines in your area.
3. Excavation (if applicable - depends on the drilling method)
- Drilling Rig Setup: Prepare the well site for the drilling rig. This may involve clearing vegetation and leveling the ground.
- Excavation: Some drilling methods require initial excavation. The hydrogeologist can advise on this.
4. Drilling the Aquifer
- Drilling: Using a well-drilling rig, drill a hole to the depth of the water-bearing aquifer identified in the hydrogeological survey. Different drilling methods exist (rotary, cable tool, etc.), and the choice depends on the geology of the area. A licensed well driller should perform this task.
- Aquifer Testing: As you drill, periodically test for water flow and quality to ensure you have reached a suitable aquifer.
5. Installing Casing and Screen
- Casing: Insert a well casing (typically PVC or steel) into the drilled hole. The casing prevents the well from collapsing and protects the water source from surface contamination.
- Screen: At the bottom of the casing, install a well screen. This allows water to enter the well while filtering out sand and sediment. The screen size is chosen based on the aquifer's particle size.
- Gravel Pack (Optional): Surround the screen with a gravel pack, which is a layer of gravel that further filters water and stabilizes the screen.
- Sealing: Seal the space between the casing and the surrounding soil with bentonite clay to prevent surface water from entering the well.
6. Installing the Pump and Pressure Switch
- Pump Selection: Choose a submersible pump appropriate for the well's depth, water yield, and your water demand.
- Pump Installation: Lower the submersible pump into the well and connect it to the water line and electrical wiring. Ensure all connections are watertight.
- Pressure Switch: Install a pressure switch on the water line to automatically control the pump based on water pressure in the system.
7. Installing Water Tank (Pressure Tank)
- Tank Selection: Select a pressure tank of appropriate size for your water demand.
- Tank Installation: Connect the pressure tank to the water line. The pressure tank stores water under pressure, providing a consistent water supply and preventing the pump from cycling on and off too frequently.
8. Well Testing
- Pumping Test: Conduct a pumping test to determine the well's yield (the rate at which it can produce water) and drawdown (the decrease in water level during pumping). This test helps determine the sustainable pumping rate for the well.
- Water Quality Testing: Collect water samples and send them to a certified laboratory for testing. Tests should include bacteria, nitrates, arsenic, and other potential contaminants.
- Disinfection: Disinfect the well with chlorine to kill any bacteria that may have entered during installation.
Important Considerations:
- Professional Help: Well drilling is a complex and potentially dangerous process. It is highly recommended to hire a licensed and experienced well driller and a qualified hydrogeologist.
- Local Regulations: Always adhere to local and state regulations regarding well construction, permits, and water quality testing.
- Maintenance: Regularly inspect and maintain your well to ensure its longevity and water quality.
