It's challenging to definitively name the first female chemist, as the recognition of "chemist" has evolved over time, and early contributions by women were often unacknowledged. However, several women stand out as pioneers in the field.
Early Pioneers in Chemistry
While a single definitive answer is elusive, here are two prominent candidates recognized for their early achievements in chemistry:
- Tapputi, also known as Tapputi-Belatekallim: An ancient Mesopotamian perfumer mentioned in a cuneiform tablet from the 2nd millennium BCE. Although her work focused on perfumery (which involves chemical processes), whether it aligns with the modern definition of "chemist" is debatable.
- Marie Anne Paulze Lavoisier (1758-1836): While not formally trained as a chemist in the modern sense, she was instrumental in her husband Antoine Lavoisier's groundbreaking work. She translated scientific papers, illustrated his experiments, and actively participated in research, effectively making her a key collaborator in advancing chemistry as a science.
Recognition and Formal Education
In the 19th century, women started gaining formal recognition in the field:
- Anna Volkova (mid-19th century): Often cited as one of the first women to receive formal training in chemistry, she became the first female member of the Russian Chemical Society.
- Ellen Swallow Richards (1842-1911): Became the first woman to graduate from MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) in 1873 and the first American woman to earn a degree in chemistry. She significantly contributed to sanitary engineering and home economics, applying chemistry to practical problems.
Conclusion
Determining the "first" female chemist depends on the criteria used. Tapputi represents early applications of chemical knowledge, while Marie Anne Paulze Lavoisier significantly contributed to the scientific revolution in chemistry. In terms of formal education and recognition by scientific societies, Anna Volkova and Ellen Swallow Richards are notable pioneers.
